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Low-Cost Filtration Barriers for Ultrafine Particles Separation
Kejík, Pavel ; Fekete, Roman (referee) ; Lapčík, Ĺubomír (referee) ; Svěrák, Tomáš (advisor)
V mnoha oborech jsou stále využívána anorganická filtrační media založená na materiálech, jejichž výroba využívá primární suroviny. Jejich výroba je tedy energeticky náročná a v důsledku nákladná a neohleduplná k životnímu prostředí. Cílem této práce je ověřit možnost využití alkalicky aktivovaných materiálů na bázi sekundárních surovin, především vysokopecních strusek (BFS) a popílků z uhelných elektráren (FA), pro výrobu porézních médií schopných v budoucnosti nahradit keramické a jiné anorganické filtry. Výzkum je rozvinut skrze experimentální design založený na výpočetním schématu samostatně vyvinutém s pomocí programu MATLAB. Toto schéma počítá vhodná složení směsí na základě poměrů obsahu nejdůležitějších oxidů ve vstupních surovinách. Tak je zajištěno zohlednění proměnlivého složení vstupních surovin a práce je tím hodnotnější, že její výsledky jsou skrze početní nástroj zohledňující základní oxidové složení surovin zobecnitelné. Zároveň byly však pro srovnání a lepší názornost závislostí vlastností na složení navrhnuty a připraveny i série vzorků založené vždy pouze na jedné ze surovin. Z výsledků vyplývá, že pevnost vzorků z těchto směsí (vytvrzených 24 hodin při 70 °C) ve čtyřbodové ohybové zkoušce dle ČSN EN 12390 5 může přesáhnout 7,6 MPa. Dosažením co možná nejvyšší porozity však zákonitě negativně ovlivňuje pevnost materiálu a výsledný materiál tedy dosahuje pevnosti těsně nad hranicí 6,3 MPa. Výsledky obecně dokazují, že nejvíce je pevnost materiálů ovlivněna poměrem SiO2/Al2O3 a množstvím alkalického aktivátoru. Z výsledků vyplývá, že alkalicky aktivované materiály (AAM) na bázi strusky dosahují i více než dvojnásobné pevnosti analogických materiálů na bázi elektrárenského popílku. Velikost pórů materiálů připravených z tříděných surovin s velikostí zrna od desítek po lehce přes sto mikronů se ve většině případů pohybuje v rozmezí desetin ž jednotek mikronů, v případě výsledného materiálu je to pak přibližně 0,2 mikronu. Celková porozita lisovaných těles se pohybuje těsně pod 40 %, což je v tomto případě téměř dvojnásobek ve srovnání s totožnými materiály na bázi netříděných surovin. Výsledky rovněž ukazují, že materiály na bázi strusky vykazují nižší porozitu než ty na bázi popílku, což je patrně způsobeno rozdílnou morfologií částic obou materiálů – částice strusky jsou nepravidelně hranaté a částice popílku kulaté. V průběhu experimentální činnosti byla pozorována tvorba výkvětů u materiálů na bázi elektrárenských popílků. Pomocí Energo-disperzní spektroskopické analýzy (EDS) byly výkvěty identifikovány jako hydroxid sodný procházející karbonatací za účasti vzdušného CO2. Test permeability vyžadoval, kvůli velmi jemné povaze porézní struktury, přípravu asymetrických filtračních přepážek. Tyto přepážky dosáhli propustnosti 138 L/h.m2.bar pro vodu a 1320 L/h.m2.bar pro vzduch.
Study of carbonatation in alkali activated systems
Suchý, Rostislav ; Koplík, Jan (referee) ; Kalina, Lukáš (advisor)
The carbonation of the building materials based on the ordinary Portland cement is relatively well-known and extensively studied phenomenon. Conversely mechanism, reaction products and factors affecting the carbonation of the alkali activated materials are still not sufficiently clarified. In this work, the progression of the carbonation of the alkali activated materials under different conditions was investigated. The reaction products and the microstructural changes were determined by XRD respectively SEM-EDX analysis. The corrosive conditions due to the decreasing of the pH of the binders by the carbonation were observed by XPS analysis of the steel fibers. The carbonation of the alkali activated samples was compared with the reference samples based on the Portland composite cement. Besides these analyzes, the mechanical properties of the binders were monitored.
Role of superplastisizers in alkali activated aluminate silicate mixtures
Habrdová, Eva ; Šoukal, František (referee) ; Havlica, Jaromír (advisor)
Preparation of geopolymers with main components of slug and metakaolin. After being alcali activated the raw materials are complemented by superplasticizers of different kind and concentracion.
Preparation and properties of authentic geopolymers
Bartoňová, Pavla ; Koplík, Jan (referee) ; Havlica, Jaromír (advisor)
Evaluation of physical and chemical properties of geopolymer composites based on alkali aktivated metakaoline and silicate oxide.
Preparation of hystorical geopolymers
Šrámková, Eva ; Šoukal, František (referee) ; Havlica, Jaromír (advisor)
Diploma thesis studies historical bonding agents on the base of geopolymers. The aim of the thesis is to find a proper material composition, especially made of natural clay materials (kaolinite, bentinite) and their modifications (metakaoline). These bonding agents have to have a suitable type of an activator that guarantees good bonding properties. Therefore testing of various kinds of alkaline activating ingredients on the same mineral composition was done. Except of usual hydroxides and a water glass, ancient natrons (mixtures of alkaline carbonate with addition of appropriate chlorides) and a lime mash were used as the activators. From the above mentioned mixtures, series of samples (columns 20 x 20 x 100 mm) stored at the laboratory temperature were prepared. In the prepared mashes, their workableness and moulding were investigated. In the developed samples, their surface appearance was observed together with a number of efflorescence and its types. An indivisible part of the research was formed by determination of mechanical properties of the experimental columns such as a compressive strength and a tensile strength in bending. Furthermore, phase composition of the samples and its changes with a temperature increase were investigated. For these tests, XRD and TG – DTA methods were used. A multi-seat isoperbolic calorimeter was used to study hydratation that was also the important part of the general evaluation of designed mixtures.
Composite materials with silica matrix in the environment of high temperatures
Lisztwanová, Ewa ; Luňáček,, Martin (referee) ; Bydžovský, Jiří (advisor)
This thesis deals with the study and design of composite materials based on silica matrix suitable for extreme conditions, eg. for the repair of concrete structures with anticipated increased risk of fire. The theoretical part summarizes basic knowledge concerning the fire resistance of structures and the behavior of the composite system during extreme conditions. Theoretically oriented section also contains information on alkali-activated materials and their use in high temperature environments. Based on the evaluation of the theoretical part of the experiment were designed and tested different types of composite materials with increased content of raw materials from alternative sources. Laboratory research has been based on testing of basic physico-mechanical parameters including phase composition and microstructure of the proposed formulations before and after thermal exposure of 1200 ° C. Also considered was the effect of different cooling conditions.
Composite materials based on alcali activated blast furnace slag with admixture of fly ash
Indra, Ivo ; Brandštetr, Jiří (referee) ; Opravil, Tomáš (advisor)
This thesis concerns on substitution of blast furnace slag or its part with fly ash in alkali-activated systems based on aluminosilikates. Classic, fluid bottom and fluid filter fly ashes will be tested. The goal is to prepare geopolymer with required mechanical properties, but with maximal admixture of alternative raw materials. In composites with substitutioned slag or its part the thesis focuses mainly on workabilityof fresh mixture, pressure and bending strenght. Use of secondary raw materials has advantages in the economic point of view and it´s friendly to enviroment, too.
Possibilities of alcali activation of steel slag
Frýbortová, Iva ; Rovnaník, Pavel (referee) ; Opravil, Tomáš (advisor)
The properties of alkali activated steel slag as a clinker-free binder system was studied in this thesis. The aim was to find the optimal composition of alkaline activator providing good properties of the prepared binder. Sodium and potassium hydroxides and alkaline silicates in the form of solutions and powders were used as the activators. Mixture of steel slag, fluidized bed coal combustion ash and water without any activating ingredient was another binder system studied in this work. Mechanical properties, such as compressive and flexural strength, of the mixtures were determined. Calorimetric measurements were used for the study of hydration process, scanning electron microscopy for the examination of microstructure.
Geopolymers based on fly ashes and brick body
Řezník, Bohuslav ; Lang,, Karel (referee) ; Příhoda,, Jiří (referee) ; Žižková, Nikol (referee) ; Rovnaníková, Pavla (advisor)
In line with the current focus on utilizing side products of various production processes, this dissertation thesis analyzes the process of alkali activation of particular side products: fly ash and brick fragments. This activation produces geopolymeric materials widely used in civil engineering. The thesis aims to optimize the geopolymerization process so that the resulting geopolymer is both ecologically and economically viable. To that end, the thesis studies the course of geopolymeric reaction between the alkali activator and fly ash from: (i) the Chvaletice power plant, (ii) the Dětmarovice power plant, and (iii) biomass combustion, as well as (iv) fluid fly ash from the Hodonín power plant. All experiments of geopolymeric reaction have focused on the factors influencing the synthesis of geopolymers—that is: composition of the alkali activator, the ratio of alumino-silicate to the activator, and the impact of temperature on structure of the synthesized geopolymer. Further, the thesis analyzed the synthesized polymer’s microstructure, phase composition, resistance against corrosive conditions, and compressive strength, as well as mechanical-fracture properties of selected fly-ash geopolymers. The thesis finds that the most suitable for geopolymeric synthesis appears to be the fly ash from the Chvaletice power plant in which case the obtained geopolymers showed best properties in the studied areas. The fly ash from the Dětmarovice power plant, biomass fly ash, and fluid fly ash have failed to reach acceptable properties. Separately, the thesis studies the geopolymerization of brick body that could be suitable input for alkali activation. The geopolymers synthesized from brick fragments resulted in materials of supperior mechanical strength. A mixed use of fly ash and brick fragments failed to show a synergetic effect. Properties of the resulting geopolymers have been inferior to the properties of geopolymers produced using just fly ash or just brick body.
Influence of waste glass in the alkali activated aluminosilicate
Novák, Václav ; Rovnaník, Pavel (referee) ; Bayer, Patrik (advisor)
Theoretical part of this work will be examine the most common materials from which geopolymers are produced and their alkaline activation and properties. In addition, the work will be examine glass itself and alkaline activation of glass. This paper also will be investigate possibilities of making geopolymers from glass or geopolymers with the addition of glass. In the experimental part geopolymers will be made and their basic material will be replaced with part of the glass. The mechanical properties and microstructure of these mixed geopolymers will be examined and how the glass influence the properties of these geopolymers.

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